-
The Biography Of Albert Einstein
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FProfiles%2FE%2FAlbert-Einstein-9285408-1-402.jpg&hash=ac8f93e30da20865b9db3c3354d3129877ef66b9)
Born March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany, Albert Einstein became an independent scholar of physics after his formal education. In the early 1900s he developed the special and general theories of relativity. He went on to win the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is still generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century.
(born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wrttemberg, Ger.—died April 18, 1955, Princeton, N.J., U.S.) German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century.
Education
Einstein's parents were secular, middle-class Jews. His father, Hermann Einstein, was originally a featherbed salesman and later ran an electrochemical factory with moderate success. His mother, the former Pauline Koch, ran the family household. He had one sister, Maja, born two years after Albert.
Einstein would write that two “wonders” deeply affected his early years. The first was his encounter with a compass at age five. He was mystified that invisible forces could deflect the needle. This would lead to a lifelong fascination with invisible forces. The second wonder came at age 12 when he discovered a book of geometry, which he devoured, calling it his “sacred little geometry book.”
Einstein became deeply religious at age 12, even composing several songs in praise of God and chanting religious songs on the way to school. This began to change, however, after he read science books that contradicted his religious beliefs. This challenge to established authority left a deep and lasting impression. At the Luitpold Gymnasium, Einstein often felt out of place and victimized by a Prussian-style educational system that seemed to stifle originality and creativity. One teacher even told him that he would never amount to anything.
Yet another important influence on Einstein was a young medical student, Max Talmud (later Max Talmey), who often had dinner at the Einstein home. Talmud became an informal tutor, introducing Einstein to higher mathematics and philosophy. A pivotal turning point occurred when Einstein was 16. Talmud had earlier introduced him to a children's science series by Aaron Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbucher (1867–68; Popular Books on Physical Science), in which the author imagined riding alongside electricity that was traveling inside a telegraph wire. Einstein then asked himself the question that would dominate his thinking for the next 10 years: What would a light beam look like if you could run alongside it? If light were a wave, then the light beam should appear stationary, like a frozen wave. Even as a child, though, he knew that stationary light waves had never been seen, so there was a paradox. Einstein also wrote his first “scientific paper” at that time (“The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields”).
Einstein's education was disrupted by his father's repeated failures at business. In 1894, after his company failed to get an important contract to electrify the city of Munich, Hermann Einstein moved to Milan, Italy, to work with a relative. Einstein was left at a boarding house in Munich and expected to finish his education. Alone, miserable, and repelled by the looming prospect of military duty when he turned 16, Einstein ran away six months later and landed on the doorstep of his surprised parents. His parents realized the enormous problems that he faced as a school dropout and draft dodger with no employable skills. His prospects did not look promising.
Fortunately, Einstein could apply directly to the Eidgenssische Polytechnische Schule (“Swiss Federal Polytechnic School”; in 1911, following expansion in 1909 to full university status,it was renamed the Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule, or “Swiss Federal Institute of Technology”) in Zurich without the equivalent of a high school diploma if he passed its stiff entrance examinations. His marks showed that he excelled in mathematics and physics, but he failed at French, chemistry, and biology. Because of his exceptional math scores, he was allowed into the polytechnic on the condition that he first finish his formal schooling. He went to a special high school run by Jost Winteler in Aarau, Switz., and graduated in 1896. He also renounced his German citizenship at that time. (He was stateless until 1901, when he was granted Swiss citizenship.) He became lifelong friends with the Winteler family, with whom he had been boarding. (Winteler's daughter, Marie, was Einstein's first love; Einstein's sister Maja would eventually marry Winteler's son Paul; and his close friend Michele Besso would marry their eldest daughter, Anna.)
Einstein would recall that his years in Zurich were some of the happiest years of his life. He met many students who would become loyal friends, such as Marcel Grossmann, a mathematician, and Besso, with whom he enjoyed lengthy conversations about space and time. He also met his future wife, Mileva Maric, a fellow physics student from Serbia.
Independent scholar and special relativity
After graduation in 1900, Einstein faced one of the greatest crises in his life. Because he studied advanced subjects on his own, he often cut classes; this earned him the animosity of some professors, especially Heinrich Weber. Unfortunately, Einstein asked Weber for a letter of recommendation. Einstein was subsequently turned down for every academic position that he applied to. He later wrote,“I would have found [a job] long ago if Weber had not played a dishonest game with me.”
Meanwhile, Einstein's relationship with Maric deepened, but his parents vehemently opposed the relationship. His mother especially objected to her Serbian background (Maric's family was Eastern Orthodox Christian). Einstein defied his parents, however, and he and Maric even had a child, Lieserl, in January 1902, whose fate is unknown. (It is commonly thought that she died of scarlet fever or was given up for adoption.)
In 1902 Einstein reached perhaps the lowest point in his life. He could not marry Maric and support a family without a job, and his father's business went bankrupt. Desperate and unemployed, Einstein took lowly jobs tutoring children, but he was fired from even these jobs.
The turning point came later that year, when the father of his lifelong friend, Marcel Grossman, was able to recommend him for a position as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern. About then Einstein's father became seriously ill and, just before he died, gave his blessing for his son to marry Maric. For years, Einstein would experience enormous sadness remembering that his father had died thinking him a failure.
With a small but steady income for the first time,Einstein felt confident enough to marry Maric, which he did on Jan. 6, 1903. Their children, Hans Albert and Eduard, were born in Bern in 1904 and 1910, respectively. In hindsight, Einstein's job at the patent office was a blessing. He would quickly finish analyzing patent applications, leaving him time to daydream about the vision that had obsessed him since he was 16: What will happen if you race alongside a light beam? While at the polytechnic school he had studied Maxwell's equations, which describe the nature of light, and discovered a fact unknown to James Clerk Maxwell himself—namely, that the speed of light remained the same no matter how fast one moved. This violated Newton's laws of motion, however, because there is no absolute velocity in Isaac Newton's theory. This insight led Einstein to formulate the principle of relativity: “the speed of light is a constant in any inertial frame (constantly moving frame).”
During 1905, often called Einstein's “miracle year,” he published four papers in the Annalen der Physik, each of which would alter the course of modern physics: 1. ber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt (“On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light”), in which Einstein applied the quantum theory to light in order to explain the photoelectric effect. If light occurs in tiny packets (later called photons), then it should knock out electrons in a metal in a precise way. 2. ber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wrme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen (“On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat”), in which Einstein offered the first experimental proof of the existence of atoms. By analyzing the motion of tiny particles suspended in still water, called Brownian motion, he could calculate the size of the jostling atoms and Avogadro's number ( Avogadro's law). 3. Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Krper (“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”), in which Einstein laid out the mathematical theory of special relativity. 4. Ist die Trgheit eines Krpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhngig? (“Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?”), submitted almost as an afterthought, which showed that relativity theory led to the equation = 2. This provided the first mechanism to explain the energy source of the Sun and other stars.
Einstein also submitted a paper in 1905 for his doctorate.
Other scientists, especially Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz, had pieces of the theory of special relativity, but Einstein was the first to assemble the whole theory together and to realize that it was a universal law of nature, not a curious figment of motion in the ether, as Poincaré and Lorentz had thought. (In one private letter to Mileva, Einstein referred to “our theory,” which has led some to speculate that she was a cofounder of relativity theory. However, Mileva had abandoned physics after twice failing her graduate exams, and there is no record of her involvement in developing relativity. In fact, in his 1905 paper, Einstein only credits his conversations with Besso in developing relativity.)
In the 19th century there were two pillars of physics: Newton's laws of motion and Maxwell's theory of light. Einstein was alone in realizing that they were in contradiction and that one of them must fall.
General relativity
At first Einstein's 1905 papers were ignored by the physics community. This began to change after he received the attention of just one physicist, perhaps the most influential physicist of his generation, Max Planck, the founder of the quantum theory.
Soon, owing to Planck's laudatory comments and to experiments that gradually confirmed his theories, Einstein was invited to lecture at international meetings, such as the Solvay Conferences, and he rose rapidly in the academic world. He was offered a series of positions at increasingly prestigious institutions, including the University of Zurich, the University of Prague, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and finally the University of Berlin, where he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics from 1913 to 1933 (although the opening of the institute was delayed until 1917).
Even as his fame spread, Einstein's marriage was falling apart. He was constantly on the road, speaking at international conferences, and lost in contemplation of relativity. The couple argued frequently about their children and their meager finances. Convinced that his marriage was doomed, Einstein began an affair with a cousin, Elsa Lwenthal, whom he later married. (Elsa was a first cousin on his mother's side and a second cousin on his father's side.) When he finally divorced Mileva in 1919, he agreed to give her the money he might receive if he ever won a Nobel Prize.
One of the deep thoughts that consumed Einstein from 1905 to 1915 was a crucial flaw in his own theory: it made no mention of gravitation or acceleration. His friend Paul Ehrenfest had noticed a curious fact. If a disk is spinning, its rim travels faster than its centre, and hence (by special relativity) metre sticks placed on its circumference should shrink. This meant that Euclidean plane geometry must fail for the disk. For the next 10 years, Einstein would be absorbed with formulating a theory of gravity in terms of the curvature of space-time. To Einstein, Newton's gravitational force was actually a by-product of a deeper reality: the bending of the fabric of space and time.
In November 1915 Einstein finally completed the general theory of relativity, which he considered to be his masterpiece. In the summer of 1915,Einstein had given six two-hour lectures at the University of Gttingen that thoroughly explained an incomplete version of general relativity that lacked a few necessary mathematical details. Much to Einstein's consternation, the mathematician David Hilbert, who had organized the lectures at his university and had been corresponding with Einstein, then completed these details and submitted a paper in November on general relativity just five days before Einstein, as if the theory were his own. Later they patched up their differences and remained friends. Einstein would write to Hilbert,“I struggled against a resulting sense of bitterness, and I did so with complete success. I once more think of you in unclouded friendship, and would ask you to try to do likewise toward me.”
Today physicists refer to the action from which the equations are derived as the Einstein-Hilbert action, but the theory itself is attributed solely to Einstein.
Einstein was convinced that general relativity was correct because of its mathematical beauty and because it accurately predicted the precession of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit around the Sun ( Mercury: Mercury in tests of relativity). His theory also predicted a measurable deflection of light around the Sun. As a consequence, he even offered to help fund an expedition to measure the deflection of starlight during an eclipse of the Sun.
Delayed confirmation
Einstein's work was interrupted by World War I. A lifelong pacifist, he was only one of four intellectuals in Germany to sign a manifesto opposing Germany's entry into war. Disgusted, he called nationalism “the measles of mankind.” He would write, “At such a time as this, one realizes what a sorry species of animal one belongs to.”
In the chaos unleashed after the war, in November 1918, radical students seized control of the University of Berlin and held the rector of the college and several professors hostage. Many feared that calling in the police to release the officials would result in a tragic confrontation. Einstein, because he was respected by both students and faculty, was the logical candidate to mediate this crisis. Together with Max Born, Einstein brokered a compromise that resolved it.
After the war, two expeditions were sent to test Einstein's prediction of deflected starlight near the Sun. One set sail for the island of Principe, off the coast of West Africa, and the other to Sobral in northern Brazil in order to observe the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919. On Nov. 6, 1919, the results were announced in London at a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society.
Nobel laureate J.J. Thomson, president of the Royal Society, stated:“This result is not an isolated one, it is a whole continent of scientific ideas.This is the most important result obtained in connection with the theory of gravitation since Newton's day, and it is fitting that it should be announced at a meeting of the Society so closely connected with him.”
The headline of The Times of London read, “Revolution in Science—New Theory of the Universe—Newton's Ideas Overthrown—Momentous Pronouncement—Space Warped.'” Almost immediately,Einstein became a world-renowned physicist, the successor to Isaac Newton.
Invitations came pouring in for him to speak around the world. In 1921 Einstein began the first of several world tours, visiting the United States, England, Japan, and France. Everywhere he went, the crowds numbered in the thousands. En route from Japan, he received word that he had received the Nobel Prize for Physics, but for the photoelectric effect rather than for his relativity theories. During his acceptance speech, Einstein startled the audience by speaking about relativity instead of the photoelectric effect.
Einstein also launched the new science of cosmology. His equations predicted that the universe is dynamic—expanding or contracting. This contradicted the prevailing view that the universe was static, so he reluctantly introduced a “cosmological term” to stabilize his model of the universe. In 1929 astronomer Edwin Hubble found that the universe was indeed expanding, thereby confirming Einstein's earlier work. In 1930, in a visit to the Mount Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles, Einstein met with Hubble and declared the cosmological constant to be his “greatest blunder.” Recent satellite data, however, have shown that the cosmological constant is probably not zero but actually dominates the matter-energy content of the entire universe. Einstein's “blunder” apparently determines the ultimate fate of the universe.
During that same visit to California, Einstein was asked to appear alongside the comic actor Charlie Chaplin during the Hollywood debut of the film City Lights. When they were mobbed by thousands, Chaplin remarked, “The people applaud me because everybody understands me, and they applaud you because no one understands you.” Einstein asked Chaplin, “What does it all mean?” Chaplin replied, “Nothing.”
Einstein also began correspondences with other influential thinkers during this period. He corresponded with Sigmund Freud (both of them had sons with mental problems) on whether war was intrinsic to humanity. He discussed with the Indian mystic Rabindranath Tagore the question of whether consciousness can affect existence. One journalist remarked,“It was interesting to see them together—Tagore, the poet with the head of a thinker, and Einstein, the thinker with the head of a poet. It seemed to an observer as though two planets were engaged in a chat.”
Einstein also clarified his religious views, stating that he believed there was an “old one” who was the ultimate lawgiver. He wrote that he did not believe in a personal God that intervened in human affairs but instead believed in the God of the 17th-century Dutch Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza—the God of harmony and beauty. His task, he believed, was to formulate a master theory that would allow him to “read the mind of God.” He would write,“I'm not an atheist and I don't think I can call myself a pantheist. We are in the position of a little child entering a huge library filled with books in many different languages.The child dimly suspects a mysterious order in the arrangement of the books but doesn't know what it is. That, it seems to me, is the attitude of even the most intelligent human being toward God.”
Coming to America
Inevitably, Einstein's fame and the great success of his theories created a backlash. The rising Nazi movement found a convenient target in relativity, branding it “Jewish physics” and sponsoring conferences and book burnings to denounce Einstein and his theories. The Nazis enlisted other physicists, including Nobel laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark, to denounce Einstein. One Hundred Authors Against Einstein was published in 1931. When asked to comment on this denunciation of relativity by so many scientists, Einstein replied that to defeat relativity one did not need the word of 100 scientists, just one fact.
In December 1932 Einstein decided to leave Germany forever (he would never go back). It became obvious to Einstein that his life was in danger. A Nazi organization published a magazine with Einstein's picture and the caption “Not Yet Hanged” on the cover. There was even a price on his head. So great was the threat that Einstein split with his pacifist friends and said that it was justified to defend yourself with arms against Nazi aggression. To Einstein, pacifism was not an absolute concept but one that had to be re-examined depending on the magnitude of the threat.
Einstein settled at the newly formed Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, N.J., which soon became a mecca for physicists from around the world. Newspaper articles declared that the “pope of physics” had left Germany and that Princeton had become the new Vatican.
Personal sorrow
The 1930s were hard years for Einstein. His son Eduard was diagnosed with schizophrenia and suffered a mental breakdown in 1930. (Eduard would be institutionalized for the rest of his life.) Einstein's close friend, physicist Paul Ehrenfest, who helped in the development of general relativity, committed suicide in 1933. And Einstein's beloved wife, Elsa, died in 1936.
To his horror, during the late 1930s, physicists began seriously to consider whether his equation = 2 might make an atomic bomb possible. In 1920 Einstein himself had considered but eventually dismissed the possibility. However, he left it open if a method could be found to magnify the power of the atom. Then in 1938–39 Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Lise Meitner, and Otto Frisch showed that vast amounts of energy could be unleashed by the splitting of the uranium atom. The news electrified the physics community.
In July 1939 physicist Leo Szilard asked Einstein if he would write a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urging him to develop an atomic bomb. Following several translated drafts, Einstein signed a letter on August 2 that was delivered to Roosevelt by one of his economic advisers, Alexander Sachs, on October 11. Roosevelt wrote back on October 19, informing Einstein that he had organized the Uranium Committee to study the issue. ( primary source document: Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt, 1939.)
Einstein was granted permanent residency in the United States in 1935 and became an American citizen in 1940, although he chose to retain his Swiss citizenship. During the war, Einstein's colleagues were asked to journey to the desert town of Los Alamos, N.M., to develop the first atomic bomb for the Manhattan Project. Einstein, the man whose equation had set the whole effort into motion, was never asked to participate. Voluminous declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files, numbering several thousand,reveal the reason: the U.S. government feared Einstein's lifelong association with peace and socialist organizations. (FBI director J. Edgar Hoover went so far as to recommend that Einstein be kept out of America by the Alien Exclusion Act, but he was overruled by the U.S. State Department.) Instead, during the war Einstein was asked to help the U.S. Navy evaluate designs for future weapons systems. Einstein also helped the war effort by auctioning off priceless personal manuscripts. In particular, a handwritten copy of his 1905 paper on special relativity was sold for $6.5 million. It is now located in the Library of Congress.
Einstein was on vacation when he heard the news that an atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. Almost immediately he was part of an international effort to try to bring the atomic bomb under control, forming the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists.
The physics community split on the question of whether to build a hydrogen bomb. J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the atomic bomb project, was stripped of his security clearance for having suspected leftist associations. Einstein backed Oppenheimer and opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb, instead calling for international controls on the spread of nuclear technology. Einstein also was increasingly drawn to antiwar activities and to advancing the civil rights of African Americans.
In 1952 David Ben-Gurion, Israeli's premier, offered Einstein the post of president of Israel. Einstein, a prominent figure in the Zionist movement, respectfully declined.
Increasing professional isolation
Although Einstein continued to pioneer many key developments in the theory of general relativity—such as wormholes, higher dimensions, the possibility of time travel, the existence of black holes, and the creation of the universe—he was increasingly isolated from the rest of the physics community. Because of the huge strides made by quantum theory in unraveling the secrets of atoms and molecules, the majority of physicists were working on the quantum theory, not relativity. In fact, Einstein would engage in a series of historic private debates with Niels Bohr, originator of the Bohr atomic model. Through a series of sophisticated “thought experiments,” Einstein tried to find logical inconsistencies in the quantum theory, particularly its lack of a deterministic mechanism. Einstein would often say that “God does not play dice with the universe.”
In 1935 Einstein's most celebrated attack on the quantum theory led to the EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) thought experiment. According to quantum theory, under certain circumstances two electrons separated by huge distances would have their properties linked, as if by an umbilical cord. Under these circumstances, if the properties of the first electron were measured, the state of the second electron would be known instantly—faster than the speed of light. This conclusion,Einstein claimed, clearly violated relativity. (Experiments conducted since then have confirmed that the quantum theory, rather than Einstein, was correct about the EPR experiment. In essence, what Einstein had actually shown was that quantum mechanics is nonlocal; i.e., random information can travel faster than light. This does not violate relativity, because the information is random and therefore useless.)
The other reason for Einstein's increasing detachment from his colleagues was his obsession, beginning in 1925, with discovering a unified field theory—an all-embracing theory that would unify the forces of the universe, and thereby the laws of physics, into one framework. In his later years he stopped opposing the quantum theory and tried to incorporate it, along with light and gravity, into a larger unified field theory. Gradually Einstein became set in his ways. He rarely traveled far and confined himself to long walks around Princeton with close associates, whom he engaged in deep conversations about politics, religion, physics, and his unified field theory. In 1950 he published an article on his theory in Scientific American, but because it neglected the still-mysterious strong force, it was necessarily incomplete. When he died five years later of an aortic aneurysm, it was still unfinished.
Assessment
In some sense, Einstein, instead of being a relic, may have been too far ahead of his time. The strong force, a major piece of any unified field theory, was still a total mystery in Einstein's lifetime. Only in the 1970s and '80s did physicists begin to unravel the secret of the strong force with the quark model. Nevertheless, Einstein's work continues to win Nobel Prizes for succeeding physicists. In 1993 a Noble Prize was awarded to the discoverers of gravitation waves, predicted by Einstein. In 1995 a Nobel Prize was awarded to the discoverers of Bose-Einstein condensates (a new form of matter that can occur at extremely low temperatures). Known black holes now number in the thousands. New generations of space satellites have continued to verify the cosmology of Einstein. And many leading physicists are trying to finish Einstein's ultimate dream of a “theory of everything.”
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1884-with-sister-sized.jpg&hash=3479612d6da19f960d6400576cd0215ffff23b55)
Albert Einstein and his younger sister Maria, nicknamed Maja, were very close as children. When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, Maja immigrated to the United States to live with Einstein in Princeton, New Jersey.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1894_approx-young-sized.jpg&hash=0bf2ecba5dd686ea1f24993d66fe17e6bcae54e8)
As a child Einstein was slow in learning to speak and a poor student, but sought inspiration from playing classical music on the violin and developed a fascination with the science behind a compass.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1905-miracle-year-sized.jpg&hash=0da4d9e4f16fd1a707f6605a9810d7b68f9e127e)
After receiving his doctorate at age 23, Einstein found employment as a technical expert at a Swiss patent office.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1903-first-wife-mari-mileva-sized.jpg&hash=e283731659cba41d549bbb02e842a83a3af9a68a)
Albert Einstein and his first wife Mileva Maric met while studying at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and were married in 1903. Letters between the couple reveal Maric helped Einstein by looking up scientific data, checking calculations, and copying notes.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1915-in-Berlin-sized.jpg&hash=bca0468755198da59cb9249fbb0337f447ef3098)
Albert Einstein wrote his first scientific paper at 16 years old, published his first scientific paper at 22 years old, and published over 2300 papers in his lifetime.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-sized.jpg&hash=69c26dad27a3b0f027fde9534acd82ab169c81f1)
Although Albert Einstein was born to Jewish parents, and became a supporter of the Zionist movement, he maintained a non-nationalistic and pacifist disposition.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1919-albert-2nd-wife-elsa-sized.jpg&hash=5eee716a53eebde7de1a7fe31de2746def018691)
Einstein fell ill with ulcer and liver problems in 1917 while he was separated from his wife Mileva Maric. His cousin Elsa Lowenthal nursed him back to health and the two were wed in 1919.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-congrad-over-radio-edison-1929-sized.jpg&hash=eb689ebf50ee8c08adc07b1e6393c13a3631584e)
Albert Einstein congratulates Thomas Edison over a shortwave telephone from Germany, during a celebratory dinner held in the United States for the 50th anniversary of the invention of the electric bulb.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-2nd-wife-Elsa-traveling-1930s-sized.jpg&hash=f399937ce6da83ff587f36ff58502d10c2079608)
After divorcing his first wife Mileva Maric in February of 1919, Einstein married his cousin Elsa Lowenthal a few months later.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-blackboard-1931-sized.jpg&hash=21a102659feb631401bb39c9bac567225774c235)
1905 is considered Albert Einstein's 'Miracle Year' because it is the year he published some of his most important scientific papers, which included the theory of relativity E=mc2.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-violin-1931-sized.jpg&hash=d91e70ec4ee609b4d937506efa3bb679f7d4a91c)
Einstein began playing the violin at 6 years old and once said 'If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music.'
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-mgm-studios-1931-sized.jpg&hash=5f44ace501cd2f56c180158bce9372b1269a81f1)
Albert Einstein with director Jacques Feyder and actor Ramon Novarro at the MGM studios in 1931.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-1-sized.jpg&hash=26e6fe3f11f1f6ecdb27086c8936a0c6b4bd7046)
After his death in 1955, Einstein was cremated but his brain was removed and preserved by Dr. Thomas Stoltz Harvey for research to better understand what made him a genius.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1933-albert-nobel-prize-sized.jpg&hash=3592056d3a95653c3673ac5c66c52de617f877f5)
In 1921 Albert Einstein is awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to Theoretical Physics and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect'.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-seeking-refuge-1933-sized.jpg&hash=a5be963f6d0fa3c847161c7d489139e780871b8d)
Einstein fled Nazi Germany in 1933 and went into hiding in England, taking up residence in a small hut in the Norfolk countryside.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-with-son-hans-albert-grandson-Bernhard-1936-sized.jpg&hash=68313ef3ab6a8aa7be67ada9a8e5040ea1150908)
Einstein had two sons, Hans Albert (pictured with his son) and Eduard with his first wife Mileva Maric, but saw very little of his sons after his divorce in 1919.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-ablert-study-1940-sized.jpg&hash=a4bf81db8a9841868eb42e6d51311ae8ae9d63fa)
Personal letters between Einstein and his first wife and two sons are released to the public in 2006 and reveal the complex and sometimes strained relationship he shared with his family.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-and-oppenheimer-sized.jpg&hash=54671fc90432711aff9136fe8c68fc6af1d5eb19)
Albert Einstein sits with fellow physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer who followed in his footsteps and took over as senior professor at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study a few years after Einstein resigned.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1946-albert-and-szilard-leo-sized.jpg&hash=1abbb2891babd319b3394ba9c0533703350273d4)
Albert Einstein was encouraged by his colleague Leo Szilard to pen a letter to President Roosevelt warning of the dangers of a possible German atomic bomb.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-degree-1946-sized.jpg&hash=b5e8e9546f1124d1dd9588088ff290fbd64efdf6)
Horace Mann, the president of Lincoln University, the first institute to provide higher learning for African-Americans, presents Albert Einstein with an honorary degree in 1946.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1946-albert-time-magazine-sized.jpg&hash=7f18cccf78ab1375725b9bb24ec9d46b4c4892fa)
The July 1946 issue of Time magazine features an illustration of Albert Einstein alongside his theory of relativity set inside a mushroom cloud of smoke and an atomic explosion.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-2-sized.jpg&hash=4028a3cc6fb03e007f3e9f7bf908b49f128af06c)
At 72 years old, Albert Einstein proves he has a sense of humor in this iconic photograph taken in 1951.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-1955-albert-death-newspaper-sized.jpg&hash=6e71a4d795d788591c98a206b54324d4d9ae6ce1)
Albert Einstein died in 1955 at the age of 76 in Princeton, New Jersey from a ruptured aneurysm in his abdominal aorta.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-memorial-raw.jpg&hash=f40182546e93da572ba1ccdafbbd8adeb72d487c)
A 21 foot bronze statue of Albert Einstein was erected in the Washington D.C. National Mall in 1979. The papers in the statue's left hand contain mathematical equations representing Einstein's major contributions to modern science.
-
Albert Einstein Gallery
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fimported%2Fimages%2FBiography%2FImages%2FGalleries%2FAlbert%2520Einstein%2Feinstein-albert-head-sized.jpg&hash=c6dc8f6757bd60ada855ff49dd347baf6675d3e9)
Einstein's name and wild-haired image has become a popular representation of genius in the modern world.
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-exYMVGFu1Bg%2FUFTkUyBdYCI%2FAAAAAAADtH0%2F42_CroLGHK8%2Fs1600%2Faeegcaba-754805.jpg&hash=8bbaa7982b81871b6e87b9687b15a6e7b629acbb) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-7QjikxTHFNE%2FUFTkVW37tpI%2FAAAAAAADtIA%2FRZELBDpBBHw%2Fs1600%2Ffefehbed-757034.jpg&hash=06f33df49b8ad679831c8036ca0a17a8978b0a22) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-fx4__pULHTI%2FUFTkV7m6KpI%2FAAAAAAADtIM%2FbtIvttN9aCU%2Fs1600%2Fdjjccihc-758930.jpg&hash=504a1651c39343c125393cf5bba6d86f6fc6e068) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-zO5STGjE8FA%2FUFTkWeWowaI%2FAAAAAAADtIY%2FyX7wCOp4IUM%2Fs1600%2Ffdgjfdef-760898.jpg&hash=143ef138df815808c1e8a2b60e4ed68157564995) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-aBVS_Flkc7w%2FUFTkWuhj8pI%2FAAAAAAADtIk%2FPscWlNu_BdE%2Fs1600%2Fdgdfdgfg-762540.jpg&hash=7a1ea030fcf80d9f63ffea9cc230937b923a2e79) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-BuLWMDGj-LI%2FUFTkXBqjSbI%2FAAAAAAADtIw%2FAlIeMf38gLI%2Fs1600%2Fcfjeibhe-764619.jpg&hash=88b0923ca0b2a1efddf57377b408fbd0658b3290) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-2HDwGpsON9I%2FUFTkXnqpvAI%2FAAAAAAADtI8%2Fi1_3sucrAjE%2Fs1600%2Fhjigfacd-766142.jpg&hash=d8a31d3ac6335e6d82cbd37e45044649e3ecc612) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-oA9XJXaOKRk%2FUFTkX48wiOI%2FAAAAAAADtJI%2FiiGS929WGVs%2Fs1600%2Fdjaffgaf-767746.jpg&hash=e78192b4b977932ce9d77b3ffdd22b4ebedf084f) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-LwNXRz_whmU%2FUFTkYSY59eI%2FAAAAAAADtJU%2FkzSEQuUTvWQ%2Fs1600%2Fechecddd-769681.jpg&hash=bd9d5c49105b6d299b33ee69c817b82638e42e5e) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-u0Bli1tJko0%2FUFTkY5ZPjoI%2FAAAAAAADtJg%2Fh65hd30i7Y8%2Fs1600%2Fcjbigjjc-771206.jpg&hash=a1a27410714474a7275129fb58f77820c1949221) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-_hjOwl9CLaA%2FUFTkZD2zPzI%2FAAAAAAADtJs%2FW92hYGZCkVU%2Fs1600%2Fhadcbbag-772852.jpg&hash=a6fce1a6540b31acb88325771f9cf1063401d97c) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-dzJkrHb0RAw%2FUFTkZ7JwpII%2FAAAAAAADtJ4%2FEm4Ex7u7cyk%2Fs1600%2Faaeihffh-775053.jpg&hash=a7c2ecc2ea662065cab7fd8c2952c4856c0a1238) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-23AhCAGCwc4%2FUFTkaNKTe_I%2FAAAAAAADtKE%2FsdZU-nnuGrw%2Fs1600%2Fcdffhggg-776390.jpg&hash=8dc963305796bb4041e75f3dec7abfa582c47e62) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F--NzO8C2sH4Y%2FUFTkalVJP-I%2FAAAAAAADtKQ%2FaJ3kG812ZzE%2Fs1600%2Fjbhhjdig-778733.jpg&hash=9e8411d8b3cb803d7f281a8520cd33b98f9f6a2f) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-p2FJBQ5L4C0%2FUFTkbOat7uI%2FAAAAAAADtKc%2FOTFl2ErWNEI%2Fs1600%2Fchfifjga-780673.jpg&hash=23997d97963cd776e5a48363046371b7e515e9ef) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-wpBnytlAdrE%2FUFTkbtobo_I%2FAAAAAAADtKo%2Fz_hAP64S5YA%2Fs1600%2Fgfhagfdf-782378.jpg&hash=8596383c1df3793d1a12a6d22fb6706565eac068) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-Yxa_virWPIA%2FUFTkcBBPXCI%2FAAAAAAADtK0%2Fz4AHlAwmfHo%2Fs1600%2Fciaaigig-784050.jpg&hash=ae7e2fd9b0e6790503b54985788e95be0269154e) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-Rzwyz2doqGw%2FUFTkcmC1iOI%2FAAAAAAADtLA%2F31iYMCkzkDU%2Fs1600%2Fdggficci-786096.jpg&hash=fa8c1e22a1309f649574d781da442cadd2e90a16) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-9SJIqjR7nzE%2FUFTkc5G2PKI%2FAAAAAAADtLM%2FXdPFObgwihg%2Fs1600%2Fgidjhiea-787300.jpg&hash=1e35f881e47a18621c2975f2d1105bb9621812d6) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-hiDwVJKMs4k%2FUFTkdUBevOI%2FAAAAAAADtLY%2FLu3BKmdff4Y%2Fs1600%2Ffgehdjei-789579.jpg&hash=8bf88cd604488e2d2a6db6716e053e0ebec51727) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-l-xGhRfMgnY%2FUFTkdrMjL2I%2FAAAAAAADtLk%2FdHsJp6ML6Hg%2Fs1600%2Fceaiajaa-790822.jpg&hash=8a7dc7cc0044534b39a3d9d5aa47949e1884ff67) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-UQbmi18Mp4c%2FUFTkeckWjwI%2FAAAAAAADtLw%2FacDX41foCoQ%2Fs1600%2Fabhghggg-793191.jpg&hash=0416b8090076fd0f3431e8832dd7c473d998a3d9) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-8VjUXu5OcFc%2FUFTkesKx2PI%2FAAAAAAADtL8%2FYitqFd0On4w%2Fs1600%2Facahadch-794536.jpg&hash=5772fbd97a7e8a356287f04d062adb40f817403d) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Einstein on life's Lessons lessons
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-3m1eYztWB8o%2FUFTkfAUEoHI%2FAAAAAAADtMI%2FRX2lPx5gLJA%2Fs1600%2Fbfgifjfh-796134.jpg&hash=380ebde79673e8816aa676c5e6abab06ef343f89) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-2-e1343176157733.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D387&hash=4ffebd3686eb96246727dc185599ced627cc2228)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-0.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D638&hash=6b239834e04c363aeb7f201b0d70daf3553949c5)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-1.jpg%3Fw%3D499%26amp%3Bh%3D757&hash=5175efcd65ee8922d70f14396085a49a2997291a)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-3.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D625&hash=8e7e58467bc964c229c92428226054685260d2a4)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-7.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D785&hash=494670d592e56a25f753b711ac461e650d9c62b2)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-4.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D750&hash=30be9bac7973cea7e91e7920547541881785afd0)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-5.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D532&hash=3b54a3c200ea8a6e24cb0f084f1b0652957879c4)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-6.jpg%3Fw%3D499%26amp%3Bh%3D645&hash=5d1e249cc4b00569b0c7a964bbaef1e4f1f30679)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-8.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D638&hash=a388d250a0adb9cc7f96b262ac31d586c7b02a09)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-9.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D589&hash=1d64750351feff68fd3aaa8da20f69c960150bd2)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-10.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D700&hash=b7e8a2a4718ef5113a28818b4ac67007a576be49)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-11.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D642&hash=1994295acd2c8c5cc5996b668b9c8b5dd639937c)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-12.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D371&hash=c2f6ef54ff7e65ca5febd28ae9b7d01842220d6e)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-13.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D378&hash=c7f3c72106a6b9189c3a8d55d7d06e2942ceb974)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-17.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D808&hash=91c876fc7a1a6215bcb371e441d72ab72bcecffb)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-14.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D461&hash=1d2e0849156e30cc46c766d893f3d2418127bd31)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-15.jpg%3Fw%3D499%26amp%3Bh%3D647&hash=eac70bc20df5653239ad187fbf0cbf49b9134524)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-16.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D665&hash=3893272786704647bbfec41dbc932e08c1dccebe)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-18.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D334&hash=969f1ac2f1b8430f623414b61be0a784e9625f06)
-
Rare Einstein photos of everday life
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fthechive.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Frare-einstein-photos-01.jpg%3Fw%3D500%26amp%3Bh%3D300&hash=219d545ce0e22f1c67915eba5eacc151931be641)
-
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fnews-banner.gif&hash=087a505e1200f98301ae72f7f80c09dd06ffd86c) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
FeatureThe Truth About Gravity
by Gregory J. Mallon
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fgreg-pd-icon.gif&hash=98285c2a2d78b8336ed1917388c189982500cb71)
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FRelativity-Project%2Frubber-sheet.gif&hash=07420c44d4a06147bb9a56299ed343af203aa3fb)
WHAT IS GRAVITY?
What really happens when something "falls"?
One of the greatest misconceptions we have about gravity is the idea that objects are somehow "attracted" to the earth by the "force" of gravity. This is sometimes thought of as a magnetic-like attraction, which is far from the truth. If you hold an object, say a "bean bag", and let it go, it will appear, from your perspective, to travel in a straight line directly to the floor. But what has really happened here?
Einstein's remarkable thought was to imagine that space itself is somehow warped by massive objects, and that objects moving through space simply follow a "path of least resistance". This was an incredibly bizarre concept for most people to comprehend and many physicists could not bring themselves to believe it. But once Einstein imagined curved space as being the source of gravitation, he knew he was right. It was simply a matter of time before he could struggle through the complex mathematics that describe the behavior.
Finally, in late 1915, with the help of his close friend Marcel Grossman, he had it. Then, in 1916 he published, in the German "Annals of Physics" (Annalen der Physik), the most momentous scientific revelation of our time, "The Theory of General Relativity".
To understand gravity, there are a couple fundamental concepts to understand:
1. WE ARE IN CONSTANT MOTION
The earth is rotating and we are all therefore constantly moving. Even if you happen to be at home sitting at your computer, you are rotating along with the earth at a speed of about 800 miles per hour (depending on you location) to the east. Since we rotate, we see the Sun rise in the east and set in the west.
2. THE SPACE AROUND US IS "CURVED"
Even though you cannot see it, the space around the earth (and the space around you) is "curved". To demonstrate this concept, imagine a large rubber sheet upon which you place a heavy (or "massive") object. You can emulate this by placing a heavy object, like a bowling ball, on your mattress and observe the depression it makes.
This effect is a "curvature" of the fabric (mattress) due to the mass (bowling ball). As you might imagine, the heavier the object you use, the more significant this curvature will be. Similarly, any object with mass will have a similar effect on the invisible space around it.
EINSTEIN'S VISUALIZES GRAVITATION
The idea above is exactly what Einstein was thinking when he tried to imagine why things move they way they do. He knew the earth was rotating and that he, along with the atmosphere and everything around him, was in constant motion.
Now imagine that you are standing in your living room holding a bean bag outstretched in your hand. Without doing anything, remember that you and the bean bag are moving at a constant speed of about 800 mph to the east. When you let go of the bean bag, it is still moving with you at 800 mph to the east. You observe that the bean bag travels directly to the floor. Why is this?
First, let's pretend it takes 1 second for the bean bag to hit the ground. Let's also assume we travel 700 feet to the east in that one second. If this sounds odd, just remember that you, the bean bag, the furniture, and the house are all moving together at the same speed. Nothing seems out of place because everything is rotating together - including the atmosphere around your house.
So 1/10th of a second after letting the bean bag go, both you and the bean bag have traveled 70 feet to the east. But something else interesting has happened here. The bean bag is some small distance below your hand. It has traveled away from your hand. Let's think about the path that it has traveled.
From your perspective (or "relative to you"), the bean bag has moved downward a couple inches. Imagine that you were at "point A" (in space) when you released the bag. 1/10th of a second later, you are now at "point B" (70 feet to the east). While the bag has traveled with you, it has also begun to move downward (from your perspective) to the floor.
Now let's think about the path the bean bag has traveled from the perspective of some observer in space (an astronaut) with a great set of binoculars and a bit of x-ray vision. :-). He looks down and sees you, the bean bag, and your house rotating at about 800 mph to the east. When you are at point A he sees you release the bean bag. He continues watching and observes that the bean bag not only travels with you, but also begins to move downward toward the floor. After 1/10th of a second, he sees that you have moved 70 feet to the east, and the bag is a couple inches closer to the earth. From his perspective (i.e., "relative to him"), it appears as though this bean bag is following a curve - from point A to point B. As he continues to watch, the bean bag follows a curved path (or arc) from point A to point J (where there are 10 points from point A through point J, each 70 feet apart). But from your perspective (again, "relative to you"), this bean bag has simply appeared to travel straight down to the ground.
So what is the "true" path traveled by the bean bag? A curve, or a straight line? Well, it depends. It depends on who is the observer. With this example, you have learned that there is no so-called "absolute motion". No one can say what is the "true path" of the bean bag. The motion or path an object takes must always be described relative to some so-called "frame of reference". In the first case, where the bag appeared to follow a straight line, the frame of reference was with you, where you were standing. In the second case, where the bean bag followed a parabolic curve, the frame of reference (or observation point) was somewhere above the earths atmosphere.
A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD ON YOUR MATTRESS
Let's return to our mattress and bowling ball example. You can try this at home and see the effect that curve space has on objects that are passing nearby. Get your bowling ball, or any dense, heavy object and place it on the middle of your mattress. It helps to have a rather "flat" top on your mattress.
Now imagine that the bowling ball is the Sun, and take a small marble (simulating the Earth, or an asteroid), and roll it past the bowing ball. Depending on how close the marble is to the massive object, the more it is effected by the warpage of the fabric of space. It's quite interesting to actually try this with a marble and bowling ball on your mattress. Both the speed of the marble and the distance from the massive object will dictate whether it is "captured" by the gravitational warpage and follow the contours of space in a catastrophic collision with your bowling ball.
[ If you don't have a bowling ball or other heavy object, you can simply have someone take their fist and push downward on the the mattress to cause the curvature you need. ]
As you observe the behavior of the marble with various speeds and distances from the massive object, it becomes obvious that the path traveled has nothing to do with a "magnetic" attraction or "force" of any sort. The objects are simply following the contours of space - the path of least resistance. There is no "gravitational force", per se.
In truth, objects simply move through space (or more accurately through "space-time").
Greg's comments on Curved Space (from Yahoo! Answers)
What is "curved space"? -asked by "Mark", 2006 (Physics)
Chosen as "Best Answer" (Below)
This is a bit of a "layman's" answer but here goes:
Space, not just the world we all live in, but all the space in the universe is "affected" by MASS (massive objects) in a way that most people do not realize. Most people think that gravity has something to do with a "magnetic" force of some kind that causes objects to be attracted to other objects. The weird truth of it is that "gravity" is a side-effect of the "geometry" of space-time.
What does that mean? What Einstein figured out is that SPACE is actually "warped" or "curved" by mass (or massive objects) like the Sun or planets, or black holes - that sort of thing. Now while you cannot really SEE this,
you can see the "effect" of it. When an asteroid passes closely by a massive object, it may be affected by the objects gravity and drawn toward it. But this has nothing to do with magnetism - it is actually the effect of the asteroid following the "curvature of space" (since the massive object - like the Sun - has warped space).
To think of a common, simple example: imagine a BOWLING BALL sitting on a large rubber sheet (or your mattress).... you will notice that the massive ball makes an big depression in the sheet, or "dip" in your mattress. Now imagine rolling a marble across this sheet, or your mattress. If it is close enough to the bowling ball, it will be "captured by the gravity" (really warped space) and spiral inward toward the bowling ball. So "Curved Space" is the "warping of space" caused by "massive objects", and what we see as gravity is really just objects responding to the natural curvature of space.
Many people then ask why an apple falls straight to the ground on earth. The general idea is that space is "more steeply curved" when close to massive objects (as we are standing on earth) and since we are already ALWAYS in motion (you knew that - with rotation and all), when you "let go" of a ball, it follows the path of least resistance in curved space, which is right DOWN to the ground (now that is a "steep curve").
-Gregory J. Mallon, La Plata, MD (submitted to Yahoo! Answers, 2006)
-
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fnews-banner.gif&hash=087a505e1200f98301ae72f7f80c09dd06ffd86c) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
FeatureA Discussion of Light Speed
by Gregory J. Mallon
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FICONS%2FGreg-BW-Einstein.gif&hash=2a0e2a4e73d7068c5dde3d64f22cff1c30f1bd73)
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FApproaching-Light-Speed%2FEclipse-With-Stars-200px.gif&hash=20156c9e78d608a105d6d6315916ae439de784f0)
Approaching Light Speed
Let's look at Einstein's famous equation, E=mc2 (or a slightly more complicated version of it) to explain the so-called "Mass-Energy Equation". But don't worry. The math looks worse than it really is, and it's really worth taking a couple minutes to think about it. The implications of this short equation may boggle your mind.
The Equation
Consider the following:
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FApproaching-Light-Speed%2Femc2-full.gif&hash=9616b1419b63d67f2138b6e01b19ccbb939617f9)
This is the actual FULL version of Einstein's famous equation, but it is what we must look at to understand the implications of approaching light speed.
Phil: Greg, I absolutely hate math and this looks way too complicated.
Greg: I sympathize. But I will break this thing into pieces and look at them separately. If you just take a couple minutes to think about it, you'll understand something that Albert Einstein himself understood - and few other people understand. How cool is that?
Phil: Ok, I'll check it out. But I'm not happy about this. You'd better be right.
Let's take it step by step. You may think you sorry at math and want to close this web page before you read another word. But I promise you it is not that bad. First, let's make sure we're on the same page:
1) Let's call "E" the LEFT SIDE of the equation
2) Let's call everything to the RIGHT of the "equals sign" the RIGHT SIDE of the equation.
3) It looks very similar to the equation that most people are familiar with, E=mc2, but the RIGHT SIDE has this extra chunk of math at the bottom.
4) Notice that the RIGHT SIDE of the equation, instead of just being "mc2" is actually a "fraction".
The Left Side
Einstein uses "E" to mean Energy. His goal is to explain how much energy is contained in mass (or "stuff"). Basically, any piece of matter (or stuff) has a lot of "potential" energy locked inside it. His goal was to explain just how much energy that is. As you proceed, you will see the amount of potential energy is truly mind boggling.
Phil: I was just watching "Talladega Nights" with Will Farrell and I'm pretty sure the term is "Mind Bottling", "like when your thoughts get trapped - in a bottle".
Greg: Uh... yeah, close enough.
At any rate, E just means "Energy".
E
The Common Right Side
Let's forget about the BOTTOM of the equation for a minute and just focus on the part everyone has heard about:
mc2
Here "m" means "mass", and "c2" means the "speed of light squared". Einstein says that when we multiply the two things together, it gives you the value for "how much total energy" is in that piece of mass.
Phil: Dude, what's so special about "c2"? I mean you come up with an equation and you just say "speed of light - squared". Sounds a bit arbitrary to me. Why not "R2"? What so special about the speed of light?
Greg: You're right. When I first read about this, that's exactly what I said to myself. I mean, who thought that up? Did Einstein just make this up, or is there something special about the speed of light.
Phil: So?
Greg: In short, the answer is "Yes". There is something special about the speed of light. For reasons that we don't quite know, the "speed of light" is a constant that is woven into the "rules of our universe".
Phil: The "rules of the universe"? Greg, are you on "crack"?
Greg: No. Some may attribute this to the "design of the universe", or to God (as I do). But the undeniable truth is, there is something special about this "light speed limit".
The Complicated Right Side
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FApproaching-Light-Speed%2Femc2-right.gif&hash=c0aefe3b45b2cf8d5d125def33b9ec9e961f7b35)
The right side explains, mathematically, the implications of mass as it begins to go faster and faster, specifically - when it approaches the speed of light. Basically, the more "mass" (or stuff) you have, the more "potential energy" there is, meaning the more "locked up energy" there is.
If you could somehow unlock this energy, it would turn into heat and light. That is basically what happens when an atomic bomb goes off. The mass (or stuff) is quickly converted into energy and we see it as heat and light.
Going Fast...
This can seem confusing for some people.
Mass is just some "stuff", anything really. It could just refer to a rock.
Going Fast...
But
Weird Things Begin to Happen
But
Ramifications - Time Travel
This will then "seg-way" into my "Time Travel" article (since you can indeed travel into the future). I'll be writing the time travel article soon after I address the "light speed" topic here. -Greg Mallon (2009)
-
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fnews-banner.gif&hash=087a505e1200f98301ae72f7f80c09dd06ffd86c) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
FeatureThe Gravity Matrix
by Gregory J. Mallon
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fgreg-pd-icon.gif&hash=98285c2a2d78b8336ed1917388c189982500cb71)
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FGravity-Matrix%2FGravity-Matrix-400.jpg&hash=e415ed74537704bff0c2d0a5bcbce957d0f04bcc)
THE TRUTH ABOUT GRAVITY
Remember... All we're offering is the truth.
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FRelativity-Project%2Frubber-sheet-green.gif&hash=2859a00ef069743ceab50ba178f9aaf914bd6cce)
Space, not just the world we all live in, but all the space in the universe is "affected" by MASS (massive objects) in a way that most people do not realize. Most people think that gravity has something to do with a "magnetic" force of some kind that causes objects to be attracted to other objects. The weird truth of it is that "gravity" is a side-effect of the "geometry" of space-time.
What does that mean? What Einstein figured out is that SPACE is actually "warped" or "curved" by mass (or massive objects) like the Sun or planets, or black holes - that sort of thing. Now while you cannot really SEE this,
you can see the "effect" of it. When an asteroid passes closely by a massive object, it may be affected by the objects gravity and drawn toward it. But this has nothing to do with magnetism - it is actually the effect of the asteroid following the "curvature of space" (since the massive object - like the Sun - has warped space).
To think of a common, simple example: imagine a BOWLING BALL sitting on a large rubber sheet (or your mattress).... you will notice that the massive ball makes an big depression in the sheet, or "dip" in your mattress. Now imagine rolling a marble across this sheet, or your mattress. If it is close enough to the bowling ball, it will be "captured by the gravity" (really warped space) and spiral inward toward the bowling ball. So "Curved Space" is the "warping of space" caused by "massive objects", and what we see as gravity is really just objects responding to the natural curvature of space.
Many people then ask why an apple falls straight to the ground on earth. The general idea is that space is "more steeply curved" when close to massive objects (as we are standing on earth) and since we are already ALWAYS in motion (you knew that - with rotation and all), when you "let go" of a ball, it travels eastward (with you) and follows a path of least resistance in curved space, which is a parabolic curve towards the ground. Since you are also traveling east, with the ball, it appears from your perspective to "fall" straight down to the ground.
-
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fnews-banner.gif&hash=087a505e1200f98301ae72f7f80c09dd06ffd86c) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
FeatureAuthenticating Einstein's Signature
by Gregory J. Mallon
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fgreg-pd-icon.gif&hash=98285c2a2d78b8336ed1917388c189982500cb71)
A CLASSIC EINSTEIN SIGNATURE
Below classic Albert Einstein signature (likely an earlier example from the 1920's or 1930's):
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FSignatures%2FClassic-Einstein-Sig-Rot-Sm-2-Bright.gif&hash=badc0c0714da66a9fa7933f645da470dcee00006)
ACTUAL SIZE (More or Less at 1920x1200 resolution)
It is difficult, on a web page to demonstrate the actual size of "anything" (since screen resolutions vary greatly from one computer to another). But "on my computer", with my resolution (1920x1200), the image above is pretty close to what the actual signature looks like. I have used Photoshop to enhance it a bit (lighten it up, adjust some contract so it is easier to see on a web page).
COMMON SIGNATURE AUTHENTICATION TIPS
Regardless of whether your authenticating Einstein's signature or any other valuable, and hence potentially forged signature, there are some well know techniques used by specialists to identify suspect signatures. Among these are:
A Careless Signature (is "good"). It may seem obvious, but when a signature is authentic, it is usually "less than perfect". There is typically no slow or deliberate attempt by the celebrity to carefully write his name. Hence, whenever an autograph appears to be carefully and deliberately written, it should raise a warning flag. While there are typically a number of specific characteristics which are associated with each celebrity signature, most autograph experts will not even begin to look at those if the signature appears to be a slow, carefully written sample. You might notice that when the pen moves quickly, the "weight" of the pen (or width of the ink) will change. This may occur as the pen is first coming down to the paper, or at the very end of the signature. It might also occur throughout parts of the signature is the hand is moving quickly while signing. These are clues that the signature was written without regard to "how it looked". Typically, anyone signing there name will not care that much about whether it looks much like the last one they signed. It just won't matter to them.
The Paper and the Ink. Believe it or not, rookie forgers will sometimes use the wrong paper (meaning newer paper that is not consistent with the time period in which the celebrity lived), or they may use a pen or ink they did not yet exist. Image a forger signing "A. Einstein" with a "Sharpie" pen that had not been invented until years after Einstein's death. Well, it's been tried with a number of prominent celebrities of an "earlier era". While unrelated to the signature itself, dumb forgers have printed so-called "type-written" letter by Einstein using a "laser printer". Once you notice something like that, you don't even need to look at the signature, since the "laser printer" had not yet been invented.
STYLE (Size, Tilt, and Weight)Weight of fakes is typically heavier.
SPECIFIC EINSTEIN TRAITS
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FSignatures%2FClassic-Einstein-Sig-Rot-Sm-2-Bright.gif&hash=badc0c0714da66a9fa7933f645da470dcee00006)
There are some common traits with Einstein's signature that can make it difficult to forge. Among them,
The Size and Weight of the signatureThis is something that is very consistent with any authentic Einstein signature. He had a tendency to "write small". This can be seen in a number of his hand written letters as well as his early scientific manuscripts. If you come across an Einstein signature that is what the rest of us might consider "large" or even "normal size" cursive, it should be somewhat suspect.
The delicate size and weight of the signature. While the thickness of the ink is certainly a factor of the pen (or "nib" for fountain pens), it is also clear that Einstein, relative to others (no pun intended), did not seem to write "heavy". This can be attributed to a relatively quick hand, especially in his early years.
It's a difficult "E". The capital "E" in "Einstein", as with the rest of the signature, should be freely written without deliberation. You can look at the first capital "E" in "Einstein" and try to write it for yourself. Good luck the first 20, 50, or 100 times. It's not that easy. Try to write it quickly and it will mess with your mind. That's not to say it isn't possible. There are, unfortunately, some very good forgers out there who spend a lot of time and effort duplicating this, but it certainly isn't easy. When the "E" appears to be freely written without care, and still maintains the fundamental characteristics of his classic "E", that is a positive sign.
The Break between the "i" and the "n" Just like the first common break, we very frequently find that an authentic Einstein signature shows a small break between the first "T" and following "e". This is again due to the fact that he picked up his pen. As with the earlier break, the "e" resumes very close to the "T", but rarely touches it. Again, you will sometimes see what appears to be a continuation between the "T" to the "e" but that most usually due to the "luck" of dropping the pen back down at the exact same point from where it was lifted. As with the first break and upon closer inspection, you may see a very slight direction change where the "T" and the "e" are joined.
- Gregory Mallon, Einstein's World
-
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fnews-banner.gif&hash=087a505e1200f98301ae72f7f80c09dd06ffd86c) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
FeatureTime Travel in Einstein's Universe
by Gregory J. Mallon
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FICONS%2FGreg-BW-Einstein.gif&hash=2a0e2a4e73d7068c5dde3d64f22cff1c30f1bd73)
TIME TRAVEL IN EINSTEIN'S UNIVERSE
Time Travel. It's no Illusion.
One of the greatest misconceptions we have about gravity is the idea that objects are somehow "attracted" to the earth by the "force" of gravity. This is sometimes thought of as a magnetic-like attraction, which is far from the truth. If you hold an object, say a "bean bag", and let it go, it will appear, from your perspective, to travel in a straight line directly to the floor. But what has really happened here?
Einstein's remarkable thought was to imagine that space itself is somehow warped by massive objects, and that objects moving through space simply follow a "path of least resistance". This was an incredibly bizarre concept for most people to comprehend and many physicists could not bring themselves to believe it. But once Einstein imagined curved space as being the source of gravitation, he knew he was right. It was simply a matter of time before he could struggle through the complex mathematics that describe the behavior.
Finally, in late 1915, with the help of his close friend Marcel Grossman, he had it. Then, in 1916 he published, in the German "Annals of Physics" (Annalen der Physik), the most momentous scientific revelation of our time, "The Theory of General Relativity".
-
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fnews-banner.gif&hash=087a505e1200f98301ae72f7f80c09dd06ffd86c) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
FeatureAlbert Einstein Video News
by Gregory J. Mallon
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FICONS%2FEinstein-BW-ICON-70px.gif&hash=4ae02898e7a2562381234db4af43a2f3ad157b9d)(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2FICONS%2FGreg-BW-Einstein.gif&hash=2a0e2a4e73d7068c5dde3d64f22cff1c30f1bd73)
VIDEO NEWS
News of Einstein's Death
http://www.youtube.com/v/xaKJL7ZKPrY&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/v/CC7Sg41Bp-U&feature=player_embedded
-
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Fnews-banner.gif&hash=087a505e1200f98301ae72f7f80c09dd06ffd86c) (http://www.friendstamilchat.com)
FeatureQUOTES
By Albert Einstein
(https://friendstamilchat.in/forum/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einsteinsworld.com%2Fimages%2Ficon_geni.jpg&hash=d5cc9f5f1fcd7a41f22084fa2d73c6e6cce51995)
"Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius -- and a lot of courage -- to move in the opposite direction."
"Imagination is more important than knowledge."
"Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love."
"I want to know God's thoughts; the rest are details."
"The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax."
"Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one."
"The only real valuable thing is intuition."
"A person starts to live when he can live outside himself."
"I am convinced that He (God) does not play dice."
"God is subtle but he is not malicious."
"Weakness of attitude becomes weakness of character."
"I never think of the future. It comes soon enough."
"The eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility."
"Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing."
"Science without religion is lame. Religion without science is blind."
"Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new."
"Great spirits have often encountered violent opposition from weak minds."
"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
"Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen."
Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it."
"The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources."
"The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education."
"God does not care about our mathematical difficulties. He integrates empirically."
"The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking."
"Technological progress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal."
"Peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding."
"The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible."
"We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them."
"Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school."
"The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing."
"Do not worry about your difficulties in Mathematics. I can assure you mine are still greater.
Equations are more important to me, because politics is for the present, but an equation is something for eternity."
"If A is a success in life, then A equals x plus y plus z. Work is x; y is play; and z is keeping your mouth shut."
"Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the the universe."
"As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."
"Whoever undertakes to set himself up as a judge of Truth and Knowledge is shipwrecked by the laughter of the gods."
"I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."
"In order to form an immaculate member of a flock of sheep one must, above all, be a sheep."
"The fear of death is the most unjustified of all fears, for there's no risk of accident for someone who's dead."
"Too many of us look upon Americans as dollar chasers. This is a cruel libel, even if it is reiterated thoughtlessly by the Americans themselves."
"Heroism on command, senseless violence, and all the loathsome nonsense that goes by the name of patriotism -- how passionately I hate them! "
"No, this trick won't work...How on earth are you ever going to explain in terms of chemistry and physics so important a biological phenomenon as first love?"
"My religion consists of a humble admiration of the illimitable superior spirit who reveals himself in the slight details we are able to perceive with our frail and feeble mind."
"Yes, we have to divide up our time like that, between our politics and our equations. But to me our equations are far more important, for politics are only a matter of present concern. A mathematical equation stands forever."
"The release of atom power has changed everything except our way of thinking...the solution to this problem lies in the heart of mankind. If only I had known, I should have become a watchmaker."
"Great spirits have always found violent opposition from mediocrities. The latter cannot understand it when a man does not thoughtlessly submit to hereditary prejudices but honestly and courageously uses his intelligence."
"The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and all science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead: his eyes are closed."
"A man's ethical behaviour should be based effectually on sympathy, education, and social ties; no religious basis is necessary. Man would indeed be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hope of reward after death."
"The further the spiritual evolution of mankind advances, the more certain it seems to me that the path to genuine religiosity does not lie through the fear of life, and the fear of death, and blind faith, but through striving after rational knowledge."
"Now he has departed from this strange world a little ahead of me. That means nothing. People like us, who believe in physics, know that the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion."
"You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio operates exactly the same way: you send signals here, they receive them there. The only difference is that there is no cat."
"One had to cram all this stuff into one's mind for the examinations, whether one liked it or not. This coercion had such a deterring effect on me that, after I had passed the final examination, I found the consideration of any scientific problems distasteful to me for an entire year."
"...one of the strongest motives that lead men to art and science is escape from everyday life with its painful crudity and hopeless dreariness, from the fetters of one's own ever-shifting desires. A finely tempered nature longs to escape from the personal life into the world of objective perception and thought."
"He who joyfully marches to music rank and file, has already earned my contempt. He has been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would surely suffice. This disgrace to civilization should be done away with at once. Heroism at command, how violently I hate all this, how despicable and ignoble war is; I would rather be torn to shreds than be a part of so base an action. It is my conviction that killing under the cloak of war is nothing but an act of murder."
"A human being is a part of a whole, called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest ... a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty."
"Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts."
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
Most people know that Albert Einstein was a famous scientist who came up with the formula E=mc2. But do you know these ten things about this genius?
1. An Illegitimate Daughter
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-b-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/943137_312134485583617_459343557_n.jpg)
In 1901, before Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric were married, the college sweethearts took a romantic getaway to Lake Como in Italy. After the vacation, Mileva found herself pregnant. In that day and age, illegitimate children were not uncommon and yet they were also not accepted by society. Since Einstein did not have the money to marry Maric nor the ability to support a child, the two were not able to get married until Einstein got the patent job over a year later. So as not to besmirch Einstein's reputation, Maric went back to her family and had the baby girl, whom she named Lieserl.
Although we know that Einstein knew about his daughter, we don't actually know what happened to her. There are but just a few references of her in Einstein's letters, with the last one in September 1903. It is believed that Lieserl either died after suffering from scarlet fever at an early age or she survived the scarlet fever and was given up for adoption. Both Albert and Mileva kept the existence of Lieserl so secret that Einstein scholars only discovered her existence in recent years.
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
2. Married His Cousin
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-d-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-frc1/375138_312134482250284_778336103_n.jpg)
After Einstein divorced his first wife, Mileva Maric, in 1919, he married his cousin, Elsa Loewenthal (nee Einstein). How closely were they related? Quite close. Elsa was actually related to Albert on both sides of his family. Albert's mother and Elsa's mother were sisters, plus Albert's father and Elsa's father were cousins. When they were both little, Elsa and Albert had played together; however, their romance only began once Elsa had married and divorced Max Loewenthal.
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
3. Obsessed Smoker
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-f-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/936946_312134448916954_1539929306_n.jpg)
Einstein loved to smoke. As he walked between his house and his office at Princeton, one could often see him followed by a trail of smoke. Nearly as part of his image as his wild hair and baggy clothes was Einstein clutching his trusty briar pipe. In 1950, Einstein is noted as saying, "I believe that pipe smoking contributes to a somewhat calm and objective judgment in all human affairs," Although he favored pipes, Einstein was not one to turn down a cigar or even a cigarette.
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
4. Designed a Refrigerator
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-g-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/306793_312134432250289_1762034634_n.jpg)
Twenty-one years after writing his Special Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein invented a refrigerator that operated on alcohol gas. The refrigerator was patented in 1926 but never went into production because new technology made it unnecessary. Einstein invented the refrigerator because he read about a family that was poisoned by a sulphur dioxide-emitting refrigerator.
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
5. A Simple Compass
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-frc1/487574_312134412250291_1510902840_n.jpg)
When Albert Einstein was five years old and sick in bed, his father showed him a simple pocket compass. Einstein was mesmerized. What force exerted itself on the little needle to make it point in a single direction? This question haunted Einstein for many years and has been noted as the beginning of his fascination with science.
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
6. No Socks
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-c-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-frc1/944337_312134405583625_1309639405_n.jpg)
Part of Einstein's charm was his disheveled look. In addition to his uncombed hair, one of Einstein's peculiar habits was to never wear socks. Whether it was while out sailing or to a formal dinner at the White House, Einstein went without socks everywhere. To Einstein, socks were a pain because they often would get holes in them. Plus, why wear both socks and shoes when one of them would do just fine?
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
7. Presidency of Israel
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/943461_312134348916964_830712919_n.jpg)
A few days after Zionist leader and first President of Israel Chaim Weizmann died on November 9, 1952, Einstein was asked if he would accept the position of being the second president of Israel. Einstein, age 73, declined the offer. In his official letter of refusal, Einstein stated that he not only lacked the "natural aptitude and the experience to deal properly with people," but also, he was getting old.
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
8. Einstein and the Violin
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-b-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/316166_312134338916965_1171512684_n.jpg)
Einstein's mother, Pauline, was an accomplished pianist and wanted her son to love music too, so she started him on violin lessons when he was six years old. Unfortunately, at first, Einstein hated playing the violin. He would much rather build houses of cards, which he was really good at (he once built one 14 stories high!), or do just about anything else. When Einstein was 13-years old, he suddenly changed his mind about the violin when he heard the music of Mozart. With a new passion for playing, Einstein continued to play the violin until the last few years of his life. For nearly seven decades, Einstein would not only use the violin to relax when he became stuck in his thinking process, he would play socially at local recitals or join in impromptu groups such as Christmas carolers who stopped at his home.
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
9. Einstein's Brain
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-g-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/417781_312134308916968_1736447439_n.jpg)
When Einstein died in 1955, his body was cremated and his ashes scattered, as was his wish. However, before his body was cremated, pathologist Thomas Harvey at Princeton Hospital conducted an autopsy in which he removed Einstein's brain. Rather than putting the brain back in the body, Harvey decided to keep it, ostensibly for study. Harvey did not have permission to keep Einstein's brain, but days later, he convinced Einstein's son that it would help science. Shortly thereafter, Harvey was fired from his position at Princeton because he refused to give up Einstein's brain.
For the next four decades, Harvey kept Einstein's chopped-up brain (Harvey had it cut into over 200 pieces) in two mason jars with him as he moved around the country. Every once in a while, Harvey would slice off a piece and send it to a researcher. Finally, in 1998, Harvey returned Einstein's brain to the pathologist at Princeton Hospital.
-
10 Things You Don't Know About Albert
10. Loved to Sail
(https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-prn2/970621_312134332250299_643005922_n.jpg)
When Einstein attended college at the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, Switzerland, he fell in love with sailing. He would often take a boat out onto a lake, pull out a notebook, relax, and think. Even though Einstein never learned to swim, he kept sailing as a hobby throughout his life.